Arthrogryposis Multiplex (Curly Calf Syndrome) as an autosomal recessive condition where the spine and legs appear crooked or twisted and the joints of the legs are often fixed in position. Front legs are contracted and rear limbs may be contracted or extended. Calves are born dead or die shortly after birth.

Contractural Arachnodactyly (Fawn Calf Syndrome) is an autosomal recessive condition that reduces the range of angular movement in the upper limb joints. Calves present with an abnormal crouched posture, resembling a deer fawn. Calves are normally born alive and most can walk, suckle and survive.  

BVD is a virus that is widespread in New Zealand cattle and causes reproductive losses, weak calves, reduced growth rates, lowered milk production and increased susceptibility to other diseases. BVD spreads through close contact with infected cattle. Persistently infected (PI) animals in the herd present the highest risk as they shed large amounts of virus throughout their lives. BVD can also be introduced through purchased, leased, borrowed or returning stock.

Myostatin (MSTN) is a hormone produced by muscle cells that inhibits muscle differentiation and growth. When the gene functions correctly, muscle growth is controlled, resulting in normal-sized animals. When mutations occur in the myostatin gene, muscle growth accelerates, leading to a condition called double muscling. While these mutations can enhance carcass traits, the nt821 gene deletion (M1) mutation in Angus cattle is also associated with increased calving difficulty.

Developmental Duplication is an autosomal recessive condition where calves can sometimes be born with an extra limb or part of an extra limb (known as polymelia). Not all affected animals (homozygous recessive) will show the condition due to incomplete gene penetrance so may appear normal.

Neuropathic Hydrocephalus is a lethal autosomal recessive condition where the bones of the skull are malformed and the bone plates are loosely organised. The cranial cavity is enlarged and filled with fluid with no recognizable brain tissue is evident. Early abortions may occur, but calves can be born near term and underweight.